Simplified Techniques for Creating Large-Scale, 2D Materials
Ever since the discovery of the two-dimensional form of graphite (called graphene) almost twenty years ago, interest in 2D materials and their special physical properties has skyrocketed. Famously, graphene was produced by exfoliating bulk graphite using sticky tape. Although it was good enough for a Nobel Prize, this method has its drawbacks.
An international team of surface scientists has now developed a simple method to produce large and very clean 2D samples from a range of materials using three different substrates. Their method, kinetic in situ single-layer synthesis (KISS) is described in the journal Advanced Science on June 1.
Two-dimensional materials have physical properties that are not shared by bulk material. The confinement of charge carriers is one reason for this. There are two ways to produce these 2D materials: exfoliating a larger crystal or growing a 2D layer. Exfoliation means peeling off layers from a larger crystal until you are left with just one layer.
"This process is time-consuming and requires specific skills and equipment," says Antonija Grubišić-Čabo, a surface scientist at the University of Groningen (the Netherlands) and first author of the Advanced Science paper. "Furthermore, it often results in very small flakes, while the adhesive tape that is used can leave polymers on their surfaces."
Growing 2D films is another approach. This allows the production of large samples under controlled conditions. "However, it often takes a lot of time to work out how to grow such 2D materials. And the process doesn't always result in a perfect layer," says Grubišić-Čabo. Together with last author Maciej Dendzik, she assembled a "dream team" of colleagues, many of whom had previously worked together at Aarhus University (Denmark) as Ph.D. students, to develop a simple technique for the production of 2D materials.
"We knew of some experiments in which gold films were used to exfoliate bulk material. But these were mainly performed in air, which means that this technique is not very suitable for air-sensitive materials, or for surface science research," Grubišić-Čabo notes.
The set-up for kinetic in situ single-layer synthesis (KISS). The bulk material is placed on a sample holder with a spring to regulate the impact. It is then pressed against the gold crystal. After release, a 2D layer will be attached to the gold substrate.
The team wanted a technique that would allow the production of air-sensitive 2D materials on a range of substrates. In their first attempt, they used a gold crystal in a high vacuum chamber. "We basically slammed the crystal on bulk material and discovered that a nice 2D layer stuck to the gold," says Grubišić-Čabo. Why this happens is not yet clear, but the team suspects that the bond with the gold is stronger than the Van der Waals force that keeps the layers in the bulk crystal together.
They have built on this first experiment, adding a spring to the stage with the bulk material which acts as a shock absorber and thus allows better control of the impact of the gold crystal. Furthermore, the team showed that both silver and the semiconductor germanium could be used as a substrate to peel off 2D materials.
"Gold crystals are a standard feature in surface science labs, where they are used in the calibration of instruments, for example. Scientists don't like to damage these crystals, but that didn't happen in these experiments," says Grubišić-Čabo. "And we have since changed the protocol to use single crystal gold thin films. This has the added advantage of being able to dissolve the gold so that we can isolate the 2D sample, as long as it is stable in air or liquid."
These isolated samples may be used for the next stage: building devices from the 2D materials that will be produced using the KISS technique. "This is not yet possible, but we are working on it," says Grubišić-Čabo. "So, what we do have is a technique to produce very clean, large 2D samples in a very simple way, which allows us to create air-sensitive 2D materials. Furthermore, our technique uses standard equipment that is present in virtually every surface science laboratory."
