Cancer remains a global health threat, with millions diagnosed and many losing their lives every year.

The rise in cancer cases is partly due to shifting environmental and lifestyle patterns. Traditional treatments like surgery and chemotherapy have their constraints, especially in advanced stages.

Although immunotherapies offer hope, their scope is restricted because of possible adverse reactions. Consequently, there's a growing emphasis on treatments that accurately target tumour cells.

Over the years, there's been an uptick in cancer-related nanomedicine research, especially on therapies that utilise nanoparticles. This surge in research interest is not only academically significant but also profoundly impacts the industry.

Grand View Research reports that the nanomedicine market had a staggering USD 174.13 billion in 2022. This sector is anticipated to surge at an annual growth rate of 11.57% between 2023 and 2030.

The report said, “The growing adoption of nanotechnology-based methods for drug delivery and the prevalent inefficiency of conventional therapeutics represent emerging growth prospects for the nanomedicine industry.”

How are Nanoparticles used in Cancer Treatment?

Nanomedicine research for cancer has expanded over the years, emphasising therapeutic nanoparticles. Numerous cancer nanomedicines have gained worldwide approval, with many still under investigation. The objective is precision in drug delivery, minimising side effects while maximising therapeutic efficiency. However, developing a universally adaptable nanocarrier is challenging due to varying targeting phases.

The idea that nanoparticles can penetrate tumour tissues through unique blood vessels was established in the past. These particles need to fall within certain size constraints for maximum efficacy and possess a neutral to slightly negative charge. Efficacy can fluctuate depending on factors like tumour placement and its stage.

Strategies targeting tumour vasculature aim to eradicate the tumour’s blood supply by zeroing in on specific proteins in tumour blood vessels.

Some methods leverage natural cells, such as white blood cells or stem cells, for nanoparticle delivery due to their natural tumour-targeting capabilities. Other localised delivery techniques increase drug concentration in the tumour, thus diminishing adverse effects.

Direct targeting of tumour cells entails equipping nanoparticles with specific entities, like antibodies or proteins, to identify and latch onto tumour cell receptors.

Diverse targeting agents, including antibodies, proteins, peptides, and even straightforward molecules like folic acid, have showcased their promise in targeted tumour treatment. Furthermore, encasing nanoparticles in membranes from specific or even cancer cells can enhance targeted delivery.

Strategies for Organelle Targeting

Targeting cell nuclei, which house genetic material, offers possibilities for fine-tuned cellular treatments.

Novel methods target mitochondria, enhancing drug delivery efficiency and outcomes while minimising side effects. When combined with nanoparticles, certain compounds enhance mitochondrial targeting for therapeutic reasons.

The endo/lysosome system in cells, essential for various cellular functions, can also be targeted. Methods ensure effective delivery to these sites, boosting anticancer results.

Potential Hurdles

But, as with any innovation, there are hurdles. Regulations are stringent, research and development costs are soaring, and the results, while promising, still require rigorous validation. The big pharma players might only yield their market share with a fight.

Despite these challenges, startups like Clene Nanomedicine are achieving remarkable progress in this field. Having secured over $50 million in funding, the company develops nanotech therapies for cancer and autoimmune conditions through their distinctive Clean-Surface Nanosuspension technique. They've effectively experimented with gold and platinum nanocrystals, primarily targeting cancer and demyelinating diseases.

Conclusion

The rise of nanomedicine in cancer treatment heralds a promising shift in oncology, aiming for precision and reduced side effects. While significant market growth and innovative startups underscore its potential, challenges like regulatory hurdles and competition from established pharmaceuticals persist. Nonetheless, the advances made by companies like Clene Nanomedicine highlight a hopeful trajectory towards more effective and patient-centric cancer treatments.

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